^ Wang, Ming-Te Kenny, Sarah (2014), 'Parental Physical Punishment and Adolescent Adjustment: Bidirectionality and the Moderation Effects of Child Ethnicity and Parental Warmth', Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42 (5): 717–30, doi: 10.1007/s1080-8, PMID 24384596, S2CID 37712572.

(2000), 'Child Outcomes of Nonabusive and Customary Physical Punishment by Parents: An Updated Literature Review' (PDF), Clinical Child & Family Psychology Review, 3 (4): 199–221, doi: 10.1023/a:1026473020315, PMID 11225737, S2CID 37681413 This term was used initially in aviation: when a pilot is prevented from flying an aircraft due to misconduct, illness, technical issues with the aircraft, or other reasons, the pilot is 'grounded' – that is, literally confined to the ground. According to a 2000 review on child outcomes, 'Grounding has been replicated as a more effective disciplinary alternative than spanking with teenagers.' Grounding can backfire if the type and duration of restrictions are disproportionately severe for the behavior meant to be corrected, or if the restrictions are too difficult for the parent to enforce due to resistance. Grounding is used as an alternative to physical discipline, e.g., spanking, for behavior management in the home. During this time period, any positive reinforcement is taken away and other privileges, such as but not limited to using the Internet, playing video games, or watching television, are often revoked. Grounding is a general discipline technique which is restriction of children at home from going out. Disciplinary action usually taken in the home by parents against children

Define grounded